Suchergebnisse

Malgré les études de plus en plus nombreuses sur l'attrait des pays, qui abordent un vaste éventail de domaines de recherche, très peu d'efforts ont été réalisés en ce qui concerne la conceptualisation de cette idée dans l'administration publique. Dans le présent article, nous tentons d'enrichir les études déjà réalisées en précisant le concept et en opérationnalisant ses dimensions multiples pour expliquer les effets de l'attrait des nations sur la base d'un fondement théorique. Nous essayons, plus précisément, en examinant les études antérieures qui ont été menées dans les recherches sur le commerce international, le tourisme et la migration, de réorganiser les éléments constitutifs du concept pour créer un cadre multidimensionnel du point de vue du développement durable. Le concept se compose de trois sphères : l'attrait économique, social et environnemental. Le contexte théorique pour chaque effet dimensionnel est issu des théories du signal et de la puissance douce ( soft power ). Dans notre article, nous présentons une synthèse du concept destinée à couvrir tous les aspects des observations empiriques. Remarques à l'intention des praticiens Face à la concurrence grandissante suscitée par la mondialisation, il est impératif que chaque pays emploie des stratégies/politiques de marketing et de promotion afin de mieux se faire connaître, au niveau mondial, des parties prenantes, comme les entreprises, les clients, les citoyens, les touristes et les migrants qualifiés. Les chercheurs dans l'administration publique et les décideurs doivent par conséquent prendre en considération la notion d'attrait du pays, l'élément central de la puissance douce d'un pays, cette idée pouvant jouer un rôle essentiel dans l'amélioration de l'efficacité des stratégies et des politiques des pays dans les différents domaines de la concurrence internationale.

Despite the growth of literature on country attractiveness covering a wide range of research areas, minimal effort has been expended on its conceptualization in public administration. This article seeks to add to previous scholarly works by clarifying the concept and operationalizing its multi-dimensions to explain the effects of the attractiveness of nations based on theoretical grounding. More specifically, by examining prior studies in international business, tourism and migration research, the article attempts to reorganize the constituent elements of the concept into a multi-dimensional framework from a sustainable development perspective. This can be broken down conceptually into three spheres: economic, social and environmental attractiveness. The theoretical background for each dimensional effect is taken from signaling and soft power theories. The article presents a synthesis of the concept intended to cover all aspects of the empirical findings.Points for practitionersAs globalization results in more and more competition, it is imperative that every country employ marketing and promotion strategies/policies to raise global public awareness of its image to stakeholders including companies, customers, citizens, tourists and highly-skilled migrants. Therefore, public administration researchers and policy makers must take into account the concept of country attractiveness, the core element of a country's soft power, as it can play a key role in enhancing the success of the strategies and policies of countries in the various fields of international competition.

This article statistically estimates the impact of different countries` softpower on the results of Olympic Games bidding in the post-Cold War era. Allbid results for the Olympic Summer and Winter Games between 1990 and 2011are analyzed by panel regression methods. The empirical results reveal that sportingsuccess, higher transparency, lower CO2 and particle emissions, and fastereconomic growth are likely to increase the probability of a bidding countrywinning an Olympic bid. These results have several implications regarding theimpact of soft power on choice of Olympic host site. First, if a country has ahigh number of Olympic gold medalists, this could attract International OlympicCommittee (IOC) members and influence their decisions. Second, a country`sethical reputation is likely to persuade the IOC to choose it as the rightful hostcountry. Third, the environmental record of a country may also be regarded as adesirable value by IOC members, who prefer a ``Green Games`` ecological legacy.

Political‐administrative relations became an issue once politicians and administrators came to be considered as distinct actors in the public realm. This happened in the late eighteenth century, and several authors since then explored the nature of this relationship in normative and/or juridical terms. But it took almost two centuries before it became an object of systematic empirical study in a comparative perspective: Aberbach, Putnam, and Rockman (APR 1981). The APR study was the first to use survey methods and to advance empirically based theory. In this article we discuss the intellectual attention for this topic since the early nineteenth century, APR's findings and impact and—given APR's influence upon methods—some intriguing problems with the framework that they developed. Finally we list some potential new avenues of research.

Political-administrative relations became an issue once politicians and administrators came to be considered as distinct actors in the public realm. This happened in the late eighteenth century, and several authors since then explored the nature of this relationship in normative and/or juridical terms. But it took almost two centuries before it became an object of systematic empirical study in a comparative perspective: Aberbach, Putnam, and Rockman (APR 1981). The APR study was the first to use survey methods and to advance empirically based theory. In this article we discuss the intellectual attention for this topic since the early nineteenth century, APR's findings and impact and-given APR's influence upon methods-some intriguing problems with the framework that they developed. Finally we list some potential new avenues of research. Adapted from the source document.

What are the apparent research and methodological trends in PAR's content over the past decade? From the perspective of the journal's 70‐year history, with its aim to "mesh" practitioner and academic knowledge creation, topical coverage since 2000 reflects striking continuity, emphasizing many of the "bread and butter" administrative issues such as planning, human resources, budgeting, and public management. A marked increase in coverage is apparent in the application of more sophisticated quantitative statistical methodology, as well as in the number of female authors, while the number of practitioner authors declined sharply. Throughout the first turbulent decade of the twenty‐first century, three intellectual themes stood out: evaluations of New Public Management, connections between practitioners and academicians, and responsiveness to immediate social, economic, and political challenges. Given the constant demand for usable knowledge, scholars seem to have marginalized attention to the historical context and epistemological foundations of the study. The central challenge in the years ahead will be to effectively use research methods in response to the big questions of government and society that defy measurement. Since many [empiricists], especially the younger, do not know very much about epistemology, they tend to be quite dogmatic about the one set of canons that dominate them. —C. Wright Mills, 1959

Background In order to develop a new immunotherapeutic agent targeting metastatic breast cancers, we chose to utilize autocatalytic feature of the membrane serine protease Prss14/ST14, a specific prognosis marker for ER negative breast cancer as a target molecule. Methods The study was conducted using three mouse breast cancer models, 4 T1 and E0771 mouse breast cancer cells into their syngeneic hosts, and an MMTV-PyMT transgenic mouse strain was used. Prss14/ST14 knockdown cells were used to test function in tumor growth and metastasis, peptides derived from the autocatalytic loop for activation were tested as preventive metastasis vaccine, and monoclonal and humanized antibodies to the same epitope were tested as new therapeutic candidates. ELISA, immunoprecipitation, Immunofluorescent staining, and flow cytometry were used to examine antigen binding. The functions of antibodies were tested in vitro for cell migration and in vivo for tumor growth and metastasis. Results Prss14/ST14 is critically involved in the metastasis of breast cancer and poor survival rather than primary tumor growth in two mouse models. The epitopes derived from the specific autocatalytic loop region of Prss14/ST14, based on structural modeling acted as efficient preventive metastasis vaccines in mice. A new specific monoclonal antibody mAb3F3 generated against the engineered loop structure could reduce cell migration, eliminate metastasis in PyMT mice, and can detect the Prss14/ST14 protein expressed in various human cancer cells. Humanized antibody huAb3F3 maintained the specificity and reduced the migration of human breast cancer cells in vitro. Conclusion Our study demonstrates that Prss14/ST14 is an important target for modulating metastasis. Our newly developed hybridoma mAbs and humanized antibody can be further developed as new promising candidates for the use in diagnosis and in immunotherapy of human metastatic breast cancer. ; This work is supported in part by the National Research Foundation (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MEST) (No. 2013R1A1A2009892 and No. 2017R1A2B4008109) and Inha Univeristy Research Grant awarded to MGK and (No. 2015R1A2A1A15054021) to SHK.